Assignment Global Warming Essay Example

Assignment: Global Warming Paper The word Global Warming was first used by National Academy of Sciences in 1979 in a paper called The Charley Report, which wrote: If there is a continuous increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, therell be no reason to doubt that climate changes will come up and no reason to believe that these changes will be close to insignificant. The report made a contrast between referring to changes in surface temperature as Global Warming while referring to various other changes caused by increased CO as climate change. Global warming became more commonly popular basically after 1988 hen a NASA climate scientist James Hansen used the term in a demonstration to congress. He said, Global warming has reached to such a stage that we can describe it with a great degree of confidence as a cause and effect relationship between the green house effect and the noticed warming. His statement was widely reported and the word Global Warming was ordinarily used in public disclose and by the press. Reference: http:// www. Protectorate. Net/Project/Deities/1508 Global warming has been one of the biggest environmental and humanitarian crises since the late 19th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment: Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment: Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment: Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Decades have been spent by the scientists o figure out what actually is causing global warming. Natural cycles and events that are known to influence climate have been looked upon. But the pattern and amount of warming that has been measured cannot be explained only by these factors. The only explainable way is to take into consideration the effect of greenhouse gases (Eggs) in the atmosphere due to human activities. A group of scientists called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or EPIC was formed by the United Nations to bring all this information together. Latest scientific findings are reviewed every few years y the EPIC meetings and reports are written summarizing all that is known about global warming. Every report puts forward an agreement, or a consensus among hundreds of major leading scientists. The first thing that scientists found out is that warming is caused by several greenhouse gases, which are emitted by humans in a number of ways. Most of them come from burning of fossil fuels in factories, cars and electricity production. Carbon Dioxide or CO is the gas responsible for most of the warming. Methane discharged from landfills and agriculture, mainly from digestive systems Of razing animals, nitrous oxide released from fertilizers, gases which are used for industrial processes and refrigeration, and cutting down of forests that would otherwise store CO are some other contributors of global warming. The effect of green house gases such as carbon dioxide, deforestation, emissions from burning fossil fuels, trapping of unnecessary heat that should otherwise escape from the earth, causing a rise in its average surface temperature is known as global warming. It is also called the greenhouse effect. Heat trapping carbon dioxide overloads the earths atmosphere and asses large scale disruptions and other disastrous consequences. Warming of the climatic system is absolute, scientists being decisive that it is primarily due to increasing concentrations of green house gases contributed by various human activities of polluting the environment. Different heat-trapping abilities are found in different greenhouse gases. Some of them capable of trapping more heat than CO. A single molecule of methane emits more than 20 times the warming of a single molecule of CO. Nitrous oxide being 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. Gases such as chlorofluorocarbons eave been banned In many parts of the world because of their ability to degrade the ozone layer. Such gases trap the heat thousand times more than CO does. But because they have low concentration than CO, none Of them add that much warmth to the atmosphere as much as CO does. To understand the impacts of all gases together, scientists usually talk about all greenhouse gases in terms of the commensurate amount of CO Yearly emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent have gone up by 6 billion metric tons worldwide since 1990, more than 20% increase. Reference: http:// environment. Encephalographic. O. In/environment/global-warming/go causes Rising temperatures worsen smog pollution and increase the number of bad air days wherein it becomes hard to breathe. Irritated eyes, nose, and lungs are some of its symptoms, and is mainly dangerous for people who suffer from respiratory diseases like asthma. Unhealthy air pollution will keep getting worse as the climate changes. Across the globe, climate change is the reason for making hot summer days hotter and stretching their numbers to never ending heat waves. As the temperature rises, so are the number of illness, emergencies and deaths. In a way, the heat is causing more than just discomfort. Record highs in the summer of 201 0 were seen in more than 37 states of the U. S. , and in much of the regions, the temperature did not seem to cool off at night. Nationwide, more than 28. 5 million people resided in countries where 201(Yes standard temperature set records, and more than 36 million people lived in countries where they experienced hottest summer nights that were ever recorded. As a result of temperature rise, longer summers and changing rainfall patterns, insects like mosquitoes capable of carrying and transmitting various diseases like dengue fever can remain active for longer periods and seasons in wide areas, highly increasing the risk for people who live there. Tropical and subtropical insects tend to move from regions where infectious diseases advance into new places due to increase in precipitation, heat and humidity. Reference: http://www. NRC. Org/ globalization/ National science academies of all chief industrialized nations have recognized such findings of change in the global temperature. Indications are such that the global surface temperature during the 21st century is mostly to rise a further 1. 1 to 2. 9 degree Celsius for the minimum emissions case and 2. To 6. 4 degree Celsius for the maximum. A rise in the sea levels, change in the pattern and amount of precipitation, probable expansion of subtropical deserts are some of the effects of increase in the global temperature of earth. The continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice are associated with fact that strongest warming is predicted in the Arctic region. Other anticipated effects of the greenhouse warming include a more continual occurrence of extreme weather events comprising of heavy rainfall, heat waves, droughts, ocean acidification and extinction of various species due to shifting imperative system. Change in climate has accorded to a rise in extreme weather events, which includes high intensity hurricanes in the North Atlantic and much heavier rainfalls across the globe. Scientists believe that climate change will raise the frequency of heavy rainstorms, which will put many communities at risk for havoc from floods. Injury and death, hazardous material spills, contaminated drinking water, moldy houses, rise in the population of disease carrying rodents and insects and community disruptions are some of health impacts and risks caused by flooding. Streams lakes and rivers can overflow as rains keep getting heavier increasing the risk of water-borne diseases flowing into drinking water sources. Reference: HTTPS://www. Boundless. Com/chemistry/thermometers/energy-use-and- environment/ environmental-pro mess-ass OIC dated I-use/ When the dots are connected between extreme weather and climate change and health, the lines are clear. The earth is showing something with record heat, storms and droughts. Scientists are showing us this is what global warming looks like. One of the most serious public health threats facing the earth is limited change, though very less people are aware of how it can affect the population. The most vulnerable are the elderly, the children and communities living in poverty. The main reason why our planet is getting hotter is Carbon pollution, which increases the chances of drought, flood and weather disasters, thereby hurting our health. Water is life, and this precious resource is being threatened by climate change. Climate change is going to have convincing impacts on the sustainability of supplies of water in the coming decades. As parts of the globe get drier, the quality and quantity of eater available is likely to decrease creating an impact on peoples health and food supplies. A new breakdown, executed by consulting firm Tetra Tech for the NRC, looked into the effects of global warming on water supply. The study found out that one third Of all countries in lower 48, I. E. More than 1100 countries will be facing higher risks of water shortages as a result of global warming by the mid-century. Extremely high risks of water shortages will be faced by more than 400 of these countries. Reference: http://www. NRC. Org/ health/climate/disease. Asp Global warming has been observed in various natural systems. Rise of the sea level and across the board decreases in snow and ice extent are some of the observed temperature changes. Most of the rise in global average temperature since the mid 20th century, with high anticipation, is because of the human-induced changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases. Global emissions are still expected to grow over time even though there are policies to reduce emissions. Sea level rise for the 21st century is estimated to range from 0. 18 to 0. 59 meters. The melting of ice sheets will induce even higher rise in the sea level. Changes in regional climate include more warming ever land, most of it being at high northern latitudes, and least warming over parts of the Northern Atlantic Ocean and the Southern ocean. In addition, Arctic is expected to be largely ice free by September 2037. Calculation shows with high statistical confidence, that particular weather events like the heat waves in Texas and the 2003 European heat wave would not have occurred if there Was no global warming. These temperatures are expected to intensify the hydro-logical cycle, with more extreme droughts and floods. Though, consequences on hurricane activity are less certain. In terrestrial ecosystems, he earlier timing of spring events and shifts in plant and animal ranges have been associated with much of surety to recent warming. Future change in the climate is bound to notably affect certain ecosystems, along with tundra, mangroves and coral reefs. Expectations are such that most ecosystems will be altered by higher atmospheric CO levels, amalgamated with higher global temperatures. Overall, it is estimated that climate change will bring about the extinction of many species and will reduce the diversity of ecosystem. Ocean acidity rises due to dissolved CO in the water. This evil twin of global climate hanged is ocean acidification. Increase in the ocean acidity leads to reduction in the amount of carbonate ions, which organisms such as foraminifera at the base of marine food chain use to make structures needed to sun. vive. The current rate of ocean acidification has increased at a high rate in the past 300 million years due to which four mass extinctions took place one of it being the Permian mass extinction, which killed 95% of marine species. Vulnerability of human societies to change in the climate lies largely on the effects of extreme-weather events rather than the gradual change in the climate. Some of the impacts of climate change so far include unfavorable effects on small islands, adverse effects on aboriginal populations in high latitude areas, and other small apparent effects on human health. In the form of coastal flooding, water supply level going down, increase in health impacts and malnutrition, climate change is liable to badly affect hundreds of millions of people during the 21st century. According to the recent studies, by 2030, SOUth African maize production could decrease by 30% while millet, rice and maize production in South Asia could go down by 10%. Yields in developing Mounties by 2080 could decrease by 10% to 20% on average while India is expected to see a drop of 30% to 40%. The present population is expected to double by 2100, when maize and rice yields could go down by 20% to 40% because of raising temperatures and stressed water supplies. Future warming is assumed to go up by 3 degree Celsius by 2100 (relative to 1990-2000), leading to a reduction in global food production. Human settlements and vital infrastructures in small islands and mega-deltas are expected to be in danger because of the inundation as a result of sea level rise. This could lead to issues of homelessness in countries with low lying lands such as Bangladesh and statelessness for populations in countries like Tuba and Maldives. Reference: http://globetrotters. Webs. Com/globalization. Tm There are various solutions for Global Warming. For starters, by increasing the use of renewable and clean energy and reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, carbon pollution can be cut down. Implementing policies that will help us prepare for drought, flooding and storms and other climate change consequences, is very necessary. But first, national leadership is needed that ill encourage people to stop ignoring what the earth and scientists are telling us about the changing climate.

Drugs Abuse And Rehabilitation Among Teenagers Social Work Essays

Drugs Abuse And Rehabilitation Among Teenagers Social Work Essays Drugs Abuse And Rehabilitation Among Teenagers Social Work Essay Drugs Abuse And Rehabilitation Among Teenagers Social Work Essay Due to the earnestness of drugs maltreatment and the authoritiess serious concern on drug trial in school, this research investigates the positions on the grounds of drugs maltreatment and rehabilitation among adolescents in Hong Kong. A questionnaire is collected from 109 adolescents aged from 13 to 22. It focuses on the adolescents sentiment and cognition about drugs maltreatment and rehabilitation. The findings show that adolescents largely know the status of drugs maltreatment in Hong Kong, every bit good as its consequence on drug maltreaters. Apart from the knowledge on drugs maltreatment, the grounds and the ways of drugs maltreatment are besides known good. However, it leads a inquiry Why do adolescent drug maltreaters still take drugs even if they know the consequence of drug maltreatment? It is believed that there are some external and internal influences which are strongly impacting those adolescent drug maltreaters. Besides, the HKSAR authorities should take some actions to cover with such serious job and supply aid to those drug maltreaters. Introduction Drug maltreatment is ever a popular job discussing everyplace, and now it is being more and more serious among adolescents in Hong Kong. Harmonizing to the Hong Kong Legislative Council Secretariat, the figure of reported drug maltreaters has bit by bit increased from 13252 to 14175 between 2006 and 2008 and there are extra one tierce of drug maltreaters with ages lower than 25 in 2008 ( Legislative Council Secretariat 2009 ) . It is a distressing status towards our society. After looking into the job, it is found that there are tonss of factors which make a individual falling into the trap of drug maltreatment. The major grounds of young person to be drug maltreatment included peer influence ( to place with equals ) , wonder, alleviation of boredom/depression/anxiety, seeking euphory or centripetal satisfaction, and avoiding uncomfortableness of its absence ( Legislative Council Secretariat 2009 ) . It seems that the job can non be wholly solved by stamp downing drug traffic merely. At the recent period, due to the earnestness of drug maltreatment in school, HKSAR authorities tries to present schools drug trial in TaiPo territory. It aims at happening out the adolescent drug maltreaters who want to acquire aid from others. After the first phase of the program, Government claims that it is effectual on constructing a no drugs environment inside school, and wants to present this program towards whole Hong Kong. However, this program is criticized that it does non hold complete back uping steps to assist those adolescent drug maltreaters ( China News 2010 ) . It needs non to be uncertainty that covering with the job of drug maltreatment is a long-run program. The grounds and factors must be to the full understand before set up the strategy which truly can assist those adolescent drug maltreaters. Otherwise, drug maltreatment will turn into an endless job in Hong Kong. Methodology Our intent is to analyze the grounds of drugs maltreatment and rehabilitation among adolescents in Hong Kong. The study was conducted at HKUSPACE campus, every bit good as the cyberspace. A entire figure of 109 questionnaires were collected within October. We had indiscriminately selected adolescents aged from 13 to 22 as our respondents. Since the study has been conducted at HKUSPACE campus, hence, the information is chiefly collected from university pupils and senior pupils ( see figure 1.1 ) . As the same ground as above, due to the topographic point where the study takes portion, our respondents largely belong to the group of age from 19 to 22 ( see figure 1.2 ) . It may besides demo that most of our respondents are large plenty to understand the content of study, which can assist the truth of the study consequences. The questionnaire chiefly focuses on the adolescents sentiment and cognition about drugs maltreatment and rehabilitation. There are besides some inquiries which ask about the status of drugs maltreatment in Hong Kong. It helps to understand whether adolescents are paying close attending to their environment. Furthermore, adolescents may non state the truth on some inquiries. For illustration, they may non state genuinely whether they know any their friends or schoolmates have taken drugs, since they may afraid that they will acquire problem if they answer yes . Therefore, those type of inquiries are treated as mention stuff merely which help to analyse the consequences. Beside the study, the information is besides collected from cyberspace and printed books. Due to the assortment of beginning, cyberspace is a great platform to seek for a big sum of information. Inside the books, more accurate and elaborate information can be found. Those are the grounds that why cyberspace and books are chosen to be the database of the research. Discussion Adolescents Positions on the Reasons of drug maltreatment Introduction to Drug Abuse Defined by the WHO ( World Health Organization ) a Drug can be any substance, which can come in a life being and modify one or more of its maps. If the drugs are used for intents other than the prescribed recommendation, it can be called Drug Abuse. The assorted names for Drug maltreatment are Drug dependance, Harmful drug usage, and Psychoactive substance usage upset ( Medindia ) . Addiction is normally defined as the uninterrupted, compulsive use of a drug despite the user and the society may do physical or psychological injury ( Vivek ) . Drug maltreatment is non wholly the duty of the drug nut. The chief factor is drugs itself contain habit-forming chemical that does nt allow you withdrawal from them ( Peloski ) . The effects caused by drug maltreatment can be divided into three chief parts: Physical, Psychological and Social effects. Higher Hazard of undertaking infective disease, Loss of consciousness and destroy relationships with equals or household can be the possible illustrations ( Youth Mental Health Promotion Programme ) . Reasons Our subject is the adolescents positions on the ground of drug maltreatment. However, adolescents may non cognize the existent instance in the grownup society. Therefore, to be more realistic, the study is conducted by inquiring their positions on the factors of youth drug maltreaters and here is the consequence: Peer Pressure Sing the consequence of questionnaire, Figure 2.1, equal force per unit area and wonder are the chief grounds of taking drugs which are voted by 68 and 66 out of 109 respondents severally. Majority of respondents believed that equal force per unit area is the chief ground. It is because equals to a great extent influence the pick of taking drugs ( Rea and Curtis 2008 ) . Teenagers care about their image and besides are disquieted about what others think about themselves. Therefore adolescents will coerce themselves to make something to suit in with the group. If one s equals have drugs abuse, the adolescent who does non take drugs will be labeled as out-of-date and be isolated from them. As the consequence, they take drugs in order to stay or go a member of a group. Curiosity The 2nd highest rated ground in our statistics is wonder. Adolescents are funny and eager to seek new experiences. They besides like to cognize the facts, gustatory sensations and feelings of taking drugs so that they may inquire inquiries about how to utilize drugs and so articulation equals who are utilizing drugs ( Ava 2010 ) . These adolescents are non forced by others but themselves. This factor ever drives adolescents to seek the first drugs. Family Problems Voted by 45 out of the 109 adolescents, the ground of deficiency of fond regard to parents tonss rank three in the statistics. Furthermore, another ground, holding helter-skelter place environment, besides related to job of household hiting rank four with 41 respondents. One of the most common grounds of drug maltreatment is precisely Family jobs ( Davidson 2010 ) . This state of affairs is occurred often particularly in younger coevalss ( Davidson 2010 ) . Since they may non hold the authorization to voice at place and they do nt cognize what they can make, they may seek to utilize drugs to bury about the strivings and adversities that they are traveling through in their households ( Davidson 2010 ) . However, taking drugs can non avoid happening of the jobs ( Melinda Smith, M.A. , and Joanna Saisan 2010 ) . Drugs may convey you a better feeling in short-run, but you will still be low self-esteem, anxiousness, solitariness, or unhappy in household life in long-run. The effects and j obs caused in physical, psychological and societal by drug maltreatment may be extra the original job that you are get awaying from ( Melinda Smith, M.A. , and Joanna Saisan 2010 ) . Decision From the above consequences, grounds of adolescents taking drugs can be separated into three factors which are community, personal and household factors ( Rea and Curtis 2008 ) . Furthermore, our statistics on the grounds of taking drugs are co-occuring to the information from Hong Kong Legislative Council Secretariat. The major grounds are equals influence, wonder and alleviation of anxiousness from household jobs. Rehabilitation of Drug Abuse Presents rehabilitation plans Because of new cognition about drug maltreatment, extra and comprehensive intervention methods have been developed. Identifying addicted single and bar of drug dependance are more focussed in rehabilitation plans. Treatment plans seem to be specialized to different methods for different populations, such as striplings, grownups, persons and groups. Furthermore, plans make usage of a assortment of therapy agents, for illustration, physicians, nurses, psychologists, retrieving nuts or societal workers ( Sussman A ; Ames 212 ) . Figure 2.2.1: A therapy procedure flow chart from Sussman and Ames ( 2001 ) . Cardinal basicss of rehabilitation for striplings and emerging grownups Brannign, Schackman, Falco, A ; Millman ( cited in Sussman A ; Ames 219 ) , created a list of nine cardinal basicss of effectual drug maltreatment intervention for striplings. First, plan should include extended appraisals covering psychological and medical issue, larning disablements, household operation, and other Fieldss of the adolescents lives. Second, plan should cover with all angles of adolescents lives, for case, household, school, and societal activities. Third, Parents are necessary to be involved in the plan. Forth, developmental differences between grownups and adolescents should be considered. Fifth, the plan should set up a clime of believe, which is a important component to prosecute adolescents in intervention. Sixth, the intervention staff should fit with cognition of stripling development, co morbidity issues, and substance maltreatment. Seventh, the plan should be able to manage the different demands of adolescents. Eighth, plan should include aftercare progra ms. Finally, plan should besides include stiff assessments for implementing intervention services. Harm Decrease Erickson ( cited in Sussman A ; Ames 223 ) stated that injury decrease emphasizes to understand a personal s ability to modulate his or her behaviour. The common construct of injury decrease is to relieve harmful effect of substances dependance and diminish person s hazard of injury to self or others ( Duncan et. al. , Marlatt, Somers, A ; Tapert, Pentz, Sussman, A ; Newman, cited in Sussman A ; Ames 223 ) . For illustration, utilizing dolophine hydrochloride alternatively of mistreating drugs is being used as a harm decrease plan in Hong Kong. This intervention is called dolophine hydrochloride intervention which aims to promote drug maltreaters to instance substance maltreatment and avoid the spreading of contagious disease like AIDS during injection. General Rehabilitation in Hong Kong Harmonizing to the information provided from Narcotics Division, Security Bureau, Hong Kong has offered different types installations and plans to different drug maltreater. Basically, reding plan which have medical support service and aid to purchase psychoactive medical specialty and residential drug rehabilitation plan are provided to psychotropic substances Abusers. For diacetylmorphine maltreater, every bit same as psychotropic substances Abusers, authorities besides have reding plan and particularly offer a Out-patient Methadone Treatment Program helping these maltreater to rehabilitate with the aid of societal worker and psychologist. Furthermore, the service and plan mentioned above are voluntary to fall in as the basis of rehabilitation are the maltreater themselves. Apart from Hong Kong authorities, Society for the Aid and Rehabilitation of Drug Abusers is one of the celebrated rehabilitation centres. It has a plan merely for female or adolescents. They aim to assist drug maltreater to reconstruct their life span and a normal household life. In add-on, the individual who is sentenced or in prison are compulsory to hold placement strategy clasp by Hong Kong Corrections Services. Rehabilitation for adolescent in Hong Kong Adolescent may be a group of being drug addicted easy because of wonder. Actually, the HKSAR have conducted many research about the job of adolescent drug maltreatment and the method of bar and rehabilitation, such as The 2008/09 Survey of Drug Use among Students which to acknowledge the pupil s cognition and attitude of drug maltreatment. The newest is The Fifth Three-year Plan on Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation ServicesA in Hong Kong ( 2009 2011 ) to look into which drug intervention and rehabilitation services should utilize in following three twelvemonth. Except the authorities section, some voluntary organisation or private rehabilitation centre besides have rehabilitation plans. Zheng Sheng College organized by Christian Zheng Sheng Association Limited is one of the organisations assisting the adolescent who had been drug maltreater. During the period of intervention, societal workers and psychologist play an of import function. They improve the patient s psychological wellness as their remedy to assist them to return a normal life. Decision In this research, we chiefly analyze the positions on the grounds of drugs maltreatment and rehabilitation among adolescents in Hong Kong. The study has shown their basic cognition of drugs maltreatment and collected their sentiments on rehabilitation. Through the questionnaire, we know that whether adolescents understand the grounds of taking drugs and the ways to acquire drugs. We besides find out that whether adolescents know the demands when a drug maltreater is under recovery intervention, or if they feel acceptable if a rehab centre is located near them. Harmonizing to the study, adolescents largely think that equal force per unit area and wonder are the chief grounds of drugs maltreatment, after that follow the helter-skelter place environment, deficiency of fond regard to parents, aggression and holding merriment. It is believed that they agree equals to a great extent influence the pick of taking drugs, every bit good as exhilaration seeking. Besides, they can understand that drugs abuse can be related to job of household. For illustration, drug maltreater may desire to utilize drugs to bury about the strivings and adversities. Since drugs abuse becomes a serious long term job today, several recommendations on how authorities can supply aids are given and discussed in the following. Recommendations After look intoing the respondents positions on the grounds of drug maltreatment and rehabilitation, there are several recommendations, which could be good in assisting adolescents to avoid and cover with drug maltreatment in order to obtain a more healthy life. Preventing Drug Abuse Drug maltreatment can be prevented by uncluttering up the factors which may deteriorate to drug maltreatment. Here are some recommendations on those factors: Parents help to battle equal force per unit area From the study, more than half of respondents choose which pushed equal force per unit area as the highest graded ground. In order to avoid the negative effects due to this factor, parents are recommended to prosecute the followers methods which are suggested by Family First Aid of the United States. Communication: Parents should speak with adolescents on a regular basis to understand their psychological province whether teens are depressed under equal force per unit area. Having clear outlooks: Parents should speak with teens about the clear outlook such as promoting them to take positive friends when they were immature. Know adolescents friends and their parents: Parents should cognize the friends parents to allow the adolescents cognizing that they are checked up sometimes by naming the friends parents. Furthermore, parents can besides seek to do their place to be an inviting topographic point for teens. Hence, it can oversee them more easy. The above methods are already plenty for parents to forestall their kid far from peer force per unit area. Parents help to cut down adolescents wonder In add-on to battling peer force per unit area, parents should besides assist striplings to fulfill their wonder. The efficiency methods are the followerss. Stating the serious effects of holding drug maltreatment to take their funny on drugs when adolescents are immature Helping adolescents to develop a good value and attitude to forestall drugs abuse Teaching the right manner for the drug usage, such as obey the physicians order to utilizing drugs Warning the adolescents when they are utilizing the drug by themselves determination Above methods are helpful for adolescents to hold a good wont on drug usage. Schools aid to heighten the instruction on adolescents to forestall drug maltreatment Harmonizing to our study, over 35 % of respondents select No cognition about rehabilitation interventions. Beside, cognition of drugs is besides important for adolescents. Therefore, school or instruction authorization should take a duty for educating adolescents about drugs substances, bar, and intervention. The undermentioned events can be held in order to catch adolescents involvements: Keeping negotiations of ex-drug nut and Adding the moral instruction to be regular lesson Keeping the some competitions about anti-drugs, such as posting and slogan competitions Since there are many adolescents who are taking drugs are misconception on drug maltreatment, school instruction would be an of import character to rectify their misinterpretation. Deal with Family Problems Lack of concern, is a common household jobs that may take to youth drug maltreaters. However, Family jobs are hard to work out by adolescents, since they may non hold much authorization to voice their feelings during the detonation of emotion of their parents. Then, how to cover with household jobs? It s the duty of Parents that continually let the younger coevals cognizing you care about them ( Sherman ) . Furthermore, Adolescents could speak to them in a peace state of affairs in order to allow them hold an rousing to the jobs. Arousal the jobs is the first measure of work outing them. Furthermore, Harmonizing to Jacobs, there are 5 instructions for forestalling and work outing the struggle: Do non respond instantly, but think about the jobs rationally. Do nt state anything, if it would nt assist to better the state of affairs. Do non dish the dirt. Make seek the best to set household foremost. Make non be antagonized by hurtful unfavorable judgment. In dependence, You ca nt pick your household, but you can pick your friends. said Sherman. Adolescents can widen the web of good friends. Social support is really of import when you feel down and dying. But, significantly, Do non run into the friend that may entice or even hale you to take drugs.

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Response paper - Essay Example Countries like China and India are in the development phase and are looking to establish themselves more in the international economy. For this purpose, they require more and more energy and as this energy is produced, more greenhouse gases would be emitted. The US and European countries, on the other hand, can afford to invest in the development of Clean Technology because they are well-developed. International cooperation asks all the countries to take certain measures to reduce the GHG. Such measures are acceptable for developed countries but under-developed countries cannot afford to comply with such requirements because of their energy needs. When these countries do not comply with international treaties, the other countries also pull out of such treaties. Apart from the economic needs, countries may also opt not to comply with a treaty because they do not want to follow the lead of Western countries. For instance, history tells us that China rarely followed the lead of US on ma ny occasions. The treaties made for better environment can work only when they are harmonized and every country contributes. This has not been the case in the Montreal Protocol and the Copenhagen

Citizenship and Social Exclusion in England and Turkey's schools Essay

Citizenship and Social Exclusion in England and Turkey's schools - Essay Example The central thesis of the paper would claim that both Bernard Crick and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's views are formed into one social structure and represents citizenship in education as a uniform standard which applies to all groups and people which live in their country. This is in a way comparison of welfare model to republic model of citizenship. To elaborate the entire subject matter it is important to understand the terminology of citizenship under the perspective of Osler and Starkey's point of view. Under the parameters of Osler and Starkey citizenship indicates several variables where one of the most important aspects is the determination trust and faith democracy rather than autocracy. The second most important aspect in accordance to Osler and Starkey is the determination of cooperation rather than the essence of conflict within the society. Thirdly it should be seen whether it is sustainable within the parameters of diversity and equality. The essence of citizenship also indicates that a good citizen must be bale to recognise the individual responsibilities and rights. The individual citizen must also recognise the precedence of authority and power. Furthermore the citizen must be able to understand and honour the aspects of order and freedom along with community preference and individual position in the society. Lastly, Osler and Starkey indicated that the indication of citizen that is the most important of all is the understanding, application and exercise of human rights, law, rules, justice and fairness. These are the basic parameters of a citizen from the point of view of Osler and Starkey. (Osler, 2000) It is important to define the concept of social exclusion in the context of England from the parameters of the citizenship principals. There are substantial differences among theorists of education regarding this issue along with the practitioners that whether the entire citizenship tool is applicable or not while engaging the ethnic minority segment of the society and combat racism. Osler and Starkey mention that this fundamental essence is instrumental in providing a good amount of opportunity that would be ultimately be a very important aspect of eradicating racial inequality in education. At the same note Osler and Starkey believes that Crick report has hardly any element that would be helpful for providing guidance to the teachers in spreading anti racism. Furthermore, Osler and Starkey also believe that the Crick report would not prove to be any help in the perspective of minority engagement in terms of students. In fact there is no mention of racism in the creak report. But the fact is that this is one element in the society that could be termed as one of the most detrimental aspects of the society and is in fact an evil curse on democracy. Osler and Starkey even mentions that the Crick report is basically a recommendation that contains a lot of colonial flavour. (Osler, 2000) In the present situation the government aiming to incorporate programs that socially include everyone devoid of colour, cast, race and creed. One of the most compelling developments of our age is the recognition of multicultural of multiracial society and how they

The concentration of hydrochloric Acid Essay Example for Free

The concentration of hydrochloric Acid Essay There are many factors that have an affect on the rate of a chemical reaction. The speed of reaction means how fast the reactants change into the desired product. The consequence of this is that more of the products are made in a certain period of time if it has a high rate of reaction. Factors can only have two affects on a reaction making the reaction happen faster or slower depending on how it interferes with the reaction, the factors never change the outcome of the reaction, the final product. This ability to change the rate of the reaction enables us to control reactions and predict how changing variables affects the experiment. Rate of reaction = 1 _ Time Taken Reacting chemicals must either: Collide with each other.   Collide with enough energy to break the existing bonds. The energy required to break these bonds is called the Activation Energy (EA) There are four main factors that affect reaction these are:   Temperature   Use of a catalyst Concentration   Surface area Temperature. When the temperature is increased the reactant molecules move around faster with a greater amount of energy. This means there will be more successful collisions because it is the amount of energy in the molecules that determines whether a reaction is more successful. More successful collisions resulting in reactants get used up quicker resulting in the reaction time decreasing. Catalyst A catalyst affects the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy for the reaction. This means that more collisions are successful because it is easier to reach activation energy. A catalyst does not get used up during a reaction. It can then be used again, and again. Surface area Grinding up a solid into smaller chunks creates a larger surface area by making the surface area in contact with a liquid or a solid bigger Therefore more collisions can occur which increases the number of successful reactions thus speeding up the reaction. Purpose The purpose of this investigation is to determine how one of the above factors affects a reaction. So we choose only one variable. We were given 3 reactions to choose from, each allowing us to vary a certain factor. After careful consideration we came to the conclusion that due to lack of equipment we could not test catalyst, measuring temperature would be too difficult in the classroom because we could not control the classroom temperature very well it could change over the course of the experiment, and surface area would be difficult to calculate. So we opted for the concentration variable as it was easy to measure accurately the concentration of the reactants. There were three possibilities to choose from and these were: Choice 1. Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Thiousulphate Sodium Chloride + Water + Sulphur Dioxide. HCl (aq) + Na2 S2 O3 (aq) NACl + H2O + S + SO3 Choice 2 Hydrochloric Acid + Magnesium Hydrogen + Magnesium Chloride HCl (aq) + Mg(s) H(g) + MgCl (aq) Choice 3 Hydrochloric Acid + Calcium Carbonate Calcium Chloride + Carbon Dioxide + Water HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) Preliminary tests To help me decide which one to choose I decided to do some preliminary tests the First I did the reaction between Sodium Thiousulphate and Hydrochloric Acid. This test involved putting a considerable amount of Hydrochloric Acid into a clear beaker on top of a piece of plain paper with a (X) clearly marked in the middle of the glass beaker. Sodium Thiousulphate is then dropped into the solution and the reaction forms a cloudy solution and soon the liquid becomes opaque. The timer starts from when the Sodium Thiousulphate is dropped into the solution and is stopped when the (X) under the beaker is no longer visible. How fast the reaction is depends on how quickly the mark under the beaker is no longer visible. I decided this was not a viable or easily measure test. The measuring comes down to human judgement, which varies from person to person. It would have been possible to use light sensing equipment to accurately measure the time that it takes for the cross to become no longer visible. But as this equipment was not at my disposal I decided that this test would not be accurate enough for me to get a good set of precise results. The second preliminary was the reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid. It involved putting Hydrochloric acid into a beaker and then adding the Calcium Carbonate in the form of larger chunks, the beaker would immediately be attached to a gas syringe, this piece of equipment that measures how much gas the reaction gives off in cm3. This meant we could accurately measure how much gas is given off from the reaction, giving us a precise value rather than estimation like in the first experiment. This experiment was a better possibility because a distinct value could be recorded; human judgement was not an issue which was one of the problems with the first experiment. Unfortunately surface area is the problem with this experiment, the marble chips were difficult to measure to ensure the size of the surface area accurately. This meant that this was constantly a variable but not a variable that we could measure accurately meaning that the experiment would either have unreliable results through estimating surface area or have unreliable results through having two variable factors. The final set of preliminary tests was the reaction between Magnesium and Hydrochloric Acid. This test was set up in a very similar manner as the experiment above, as the aim in both was to measure the amount of gas given off. In this case in was Hydrogen was the gas being given off. The reaction took place in a beaker which was in turn connected to a gas syringe, measuring the Hydrogen produced. The experiment allowed us to control each of the variables. Temperature could be controlled using a water bath as with preliminary test number two. The surface area of the magnesium was much easier to control than the Calcium Carbonate of the previous experiment, this was because the magnesium was in strip form instead of unevenly sized chips. The concentration of the Hydrochloric Acid was also easy to vary, using a burette enabled us to measure the amount of water and acid being put into the beaker. Because of this ability to control all the affecting factors I felt that the Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid was the experiment that would provide the most reliable set of results. The use of a gas syringe meant that the results collected would be both precise and accurate, with minimum human judgement involved. After choosing to do this experiment I then conducted a further set of preliminary tests. I decided to keep the experiment roughly the same although I improved the method of measuring the magnesium strips because in my original preliminary I just cut them roughly equal sizes but in this preliminary I decided that I would use a ruler to ensure equal sizes this therefore would try and eliminate the factor of surface area so that I am only testing how the concentration affects the rate of reaction by having a similar surface area. Experiment Key 1. 0 Moles 12. 50 cm3 Hydrochloric Acid 12. 50 cm3 Water 1. 1 Moles 13. 75 cm3 Hydrochloric Acid 11. 25 cm3 Water 1. 2 Moles 15. 00 cm3 Hydrochloric Acid 10. 00 cm3 Water 1. 3 Moles 16. 25 cm3 Hydrochloric Acid 8. 75 cm3 Water 1. 4 Moles 17. 50 cm3 Hydrochloric Acid 7. 50 cm3 Water Test number one Moles 10 Seconds 20 Seconds 30 Seconds 40 Seconds 50 Seconds 60 Seconds 1Test Number two. Moles 10 Seconds 20 Seconds 30 Seconds 40 Seconds 50 Seconds 60 Seconds 2 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

The World Doesn’t Need Religion :: Free Argumentative Essays

The World Doesn’t Need Religion Religion has screwed us up for a long time and we'd be better off without it. By "us" I mean Americans living in the 21st century. Without religions we would have fewer labels separating us from each other and we wouldn't hate Jews or Catholics or Muslims. If we didn't have religions, we wouldn't have to convert anyone or "save" anyone. If we didn't have religions, people could no longer get caught up in the fine lines of religious rightousness or be trapped in a double-standard morality. And most importantly, we would be truly free of religious engendered guilt that never quite goes away. In America, people are less tolerant than before and words like Jew, Muslim, and Christian set us off and make us mad because we connect these labels with violence and war. We are planning to attack the "axis of evil" and in giving Iraq this label, we assume a moral duty on our part and the devil on theirs. There is no simple answer to the problems in the Middle East which are daily getting more and more out of control. But adding quasi-religious labels pushes us farther apart and increases the tension and opposition on all sides. I grew up in a Catholic family and went to Catholic grade school and high school and I don't regret it. It was an interesting experience and surely formed a great part of my character. But looking back, I see that the system of organized religion is rigged and the deck is stacked more in favor of the church than it is in favor of the faithful. Consider for a moment the Christian need to convert and save people, two more activities that could be done away with if we didn't have religion. Converting more followers keeps the organized religion afloat and promising salvation is the hook that gets people's attention. No one knows what happens after death. But some religions offer a promise of heaven or hell and, like children, we willing believe in this fantastic fairy tale. On another note, the church introduces us to the concept of guilt and tells us we are guilty even before we are born. This is the most ridiculous thing I have ever heard. Nontheless, if we find God, or Jesus, or convert, or confess before we die, we're saved.

Dubai Crisis

http://hubpages. com/hub/FINANCIAL-CRISIS-IN-DUBAI-REASINS-AND-EFFECTS FINANCIAL CRISIS IN DUBAI-REASONS AND EFFECTS Dubai-economic position That is Dubai-sky piercing towers, rotating buildings, spectacular architectural designs,flow of petro-dollers,broad and clean road notworks, etc,etc. Businessmen, investers, and lusury-seekers, used to visit Dubai with all zeal. Some weeks ago, Dubai had issued to international investers, bonds worth $1. 9trillion,whiched sent the message that its economic position is unshakable! But now that foundation has shaken! inability to rapay loan instalments All these indicate that Dubai's financial foundation is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ SHAKING! Reasons Dubai, unlike other six emirates of UAE is not a country rich with oil resources. This city state is purely a business city wholly depending upon tourism and other businesses. Dubai World, in a haste to attract world enterprenuers started spending more and more on building fine roads, star hotels,etc. Foreign institutional investers also invested much here, especially during the last four years. But, for some reason, may be due to economic crisis mainly, FIIs didnot turn to Dubai for investment.. AS a result, real-estate businessin Dubai suddenly collapsed. This made an impact on other businesses also. Effects Dubai world, has business tie-ups in different countries including India. Thes projects, may be delayed( resulting in cost increase), or dropped, or prolonged. Unemployment problem may arise in Dubai. Enterprises may have to retrench a portion of their employees.! 0 lakh Indians are working in Dubai and other UAE countries. Foreign Institutional investers, who have business ties with Dubai World, may face loss. 70 financial institutions have lent credits to Dubai world. Banks in Duabi may face crisis. When the world is recovering from last year's economic recession, this may push it back to same position. Ray of hope. Inspite of all these, experts hope that it is possible to recover. It comes out of past experience. Dubai had faced similar economic crisis in 1999. Then Abudhabhi, another emirette in UAE, had helped Dubai by lending a loan of $1,00,000. Abudhabhi is a financially stable country.. It can help. But the quantum of need this time is muchmore than it was in 1999. Just on 29th,November,Abudhabhi has announced that it would concider the financing aspect,item wise, taking each main transaction on merits. It has also clarified,it is not going to take full responsibility of all loans. †¢ Top ten financial institutions of the world By greater optimism and assurances by America, major part of the world succumbed to globalization and WTC agreements. American companies, for their profit, encouraged the buying habits of people in the globe,†¦ †¢ Finance and gold stock The economic powers in the world were amazed last week when India purchased 200 tonnes of gold from International monetary fund(IMF). This purchase needed an investment of Rs. 35,000 crores. India also announced†¦ ABU DHABI, Dec. 2 (Xinhua) — The financial crisis sweeping the world that emerged from Wall Street has taken its toll on the United Arab Emirates (UAE), sending the Gulf oil producing country's economy into an uncertain path. In the first half of 2008, the world saw a steady rise in oil prices, which climbed to a record high of 147. 27 U. S. dollars a barrel on July 11. However, the soaring oil prices did not get a firm footing since then, with the supply and demand factors remained in a balance, as top officials of the oil cartel Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had said repeatedly. After the speculative factors gave way to the fundamentals in the market, oil prices began a journey of correction, declining below 60 dollars a barrel, which represented a drop of more than 60 percent compared with the peak in July. The decline of oil prices was no good news for the UAE, for the oil sector accounted for about 35. 9 percent of the country's GDP in 2007. Local newspaper Gulf News estimated in July that the oil revenue of Abu Dhabi whose production accounts for nearly 94 percent of the UAE's crude oil output, would reach 100 billion dollars if the price remained on high level. But the figure seems impossible now. In addition to oil prices, the UAE is facing a reverse in its property market which has been booming since the government allowed foreign investors to buy property on a freehold basis in 2002. A report released by Morgan Stanley in August predicted a decline of 10 percent by 2010 in the property market of Dubai, the UAE's commercial and financial hub. But the correction of prices in the UAE's property market came earlier than Morgan Stanley predicted. In November, HSBC said in are port that property prices fell in October by four percent in Dubai and five percent in Abu Dhabi, which is the first ever since2002 and may be a turning point of the six-year bull market. In the stock markets, the UAE has been suffering a free fall this year, a similar experience that some emerging markets had during the same period. On Nov. 16, the Dubai Financial Market (DFM) index closed at 1,981. 4 points, falling by 68. 51 percent from the year's peak of 6,291. 87 points on Jan. 15 with a loss of 4. 67 billion dirhams (1. 27billion dollars) in market value. On the same day, the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) also fell to its lowest point this year, with its general index hitting2,755. 62, down 46. 48 percent from 5,148. 49 points on June 11 with a loss of 1. 52 billion dirhams. BANKS' TIGHTENING PURSE STRINGS The UAE Central Bank held a meeting with representatives from all banks operating in the country on Sept. 8, three days after the U. S. investment bank Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, to assess the status of the UAE banking system. A statement released by the Central Bank after the meeting said that the UAE banks had no exposure to Lehman Brothers and there was no systemic risk in the UAE. But the statement also revealed that the country's banking system was also facing a lack of liquidity by saying that â€Å"various suggestions for boosting liquidity of banks were also discussed. † On Sept. 2, the Central Bank announced the establishment of an emergency lending facility worth 50 billion dirhams for banks operating in the country, marking the first move to inject liquidity since the Wall Street meltdown emerged. After that, the UAE government took more steps to shore up the banking system. The Central Bank announced on Oct. 8 a two-percentage-point cut in its lending rate to 3 percent in a bid to boost liquidity of local banks. It also lowered the rate on its repurchase of certificate of deposit (REPO) from 2 percent to 1. percent with effect from Oct. 8. In mid-October, the UAE cabinet said that it decided to take preventive measures to support the banking system. Under the measures, the government will provide a three-year guarantee to deposits and savings in all national banks and foreign banks with â€Å"significant operations† in the country. In addition, the government will also guarantee all inter-bank lending operations between banks operating in the country and inject sufficient liquidity in the financial system if and when necessary. The government also decided to inject another 70 billion dirhams into the banking system. Despite the measures taken by the government, the lack of liquidity has made banks operating in the UAE tighten their purse strings. HSBC raised its minimum salary requirement for a personal loan from 5,000 dirhams to 10,000 dirhams in October and doubled it again in November to 20,000 dirhams. Another major foreign bank operating in the UAE Lloyds TSB decided in November to stop lending to customers who wanted to buy apartments. In the meantime, the bank lowered its loan to value ratio on villas to 50 percent from 80 percent in October. The UAE's national banks, including the country's largest bank Emirates NBD, were also reportedly tightening their credit. UNCERTAIN PROSPECT OF MEGA PROJECTS In the past few years, the UAE has witnessed a boom in its property market, with prices quadrupled. The property sector became an important contributor to the country's efforts to diversify its economy so as to reduce the dependence on the oil industry. Property developers in the UAE launched a series of iconic projects during the boom, including the three Palm Islands and Burj Dubai, the highest architecture to date in the world. The success of those iconic projects in promoting themselves and their developers and the continuous upturn in the property market have encouraged developers float more mega projects. In October, Nakheel, the developer of the Palm Islands, announced a new project named â€Å"Nakheel Harbor & Tower. † The project, which will cover an area of more than 270 hectares and accommodate over 55,000 people, will include a tower more than 1,000 meters high. If completed, the Nakheel Tower will take Burj Dubai's title of the world's highest building, whose current height stands at 688 meters. According to Nakheel, the Nakheel Harbor & Tower will take more than 10 years to complete. Now, with the credit squeeze and a possible bear market for the property sector, the project's fate seems uncertain. In fact, Nakheel said in mid-November that it will reassess its â€Å"immediate business objectives to accommodate the current economic climate. †¦ The next few months will see a scaling back of activity around some of our projects. â€Å"